I hoped I would have some time to read (and write!) during vacation, but it didn’t happen. However I was able to catch up on some of the articles I’d saved with Instapaper. One I particularly enjoyed was from the slow web, by which I mean it was an article with long-term relevance that required more time to read and digest than a bite-sized blog post,
Edge master class 2011: The Science of Human Nature. The Evolution Of Cooperation
This article is from 2011, and I don’t remember how it got into my Instapaper. It’s the kind of article that makes me wish I were back in school. Martin Nowak is a mathematical biologist, and the article is a transcript of a talk describing his research into how cooperation can emerge through the process of evolution and natural selection.
The topic is well-known to any student of evolution, a subject that interested me greatly when I took a series of classes on the history of science as electives while completing my Bachelor Degree. The importance of this subject derives from the apparent contradiction between cooperation and evolution: in an evolutionary process in which natural selection favors survival of the fittest, cooperation among individuals should not emerge. To understand why this might be so requires first understanding what is meant by cooperation: one individual’s fitness is diminished by cooperating with a second individual whose fitness is improved. If natural selection favors survival of the fittest, then individuals tending to help others at their own expense will be less fit and the expressed trait (collaboration) will disappear.
Obviously, it makes a big difference whether natural selection operates on individuals, on groups or on populations. Nowak discusses this and I won’t elaborate on that point here. Of course, cooperation does occur so there must be some way to explain how it could evolve. He goes on to discuss several possible mechanisms that would favor collaboration and cites a lovely passage from Darwin, which I will reproduce here,
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